Substance Abuse on Campus Essay - 2226 Words

Outline: 1) Introduction 2) BASIC ISSUES AND MODELS A†¦. Alcohol Involvement over the Life Span: A Developmental Perspective on Etiology and Course. B†¦. Neuropsychological Effects of Substance Abuse. C†¦. The Disease Model of Addiction. D†¦. Alternative Theories of Substance Abuse Implications for Understanding Substance Abuse and Dependence in College Students. 3) POLICIES, PROGRAMMING, AND PREVENTION A†¦. Policy Development: An Essential Element in Addressing Campus Substance Abuse Issues. B†¦. From Reactive to Proactive Prevention: Promoting Ecology of Health on Campus. C†¦. Prohibition and Freshman Residence Halls: A Study of the Enforcement of University Alcohol Policy. 4) ASSESSMENT INTERVENTION, AND TREATMENT A)†¦.†¦show more content†¦The evidence for a substantial degree of instability/epiphenomenality of alcohol problems over the life course is now significant. Heavily based upon population rather than clinical samples, it ranges from studies of youth to studies of adults. In the area of substance abuse behavior neurophysiologists are interested in the antecedents of abuse (why do they drink so much?), the patterns of abuse (how much do they consume over how much time?), the cognitive consequences of abuse (what cognitive components have been affected?), the emotional consequences of abuse (are they developing psychological problems related to abuse?), the permanency of behavioral consequences (is the memory permanently damaged?), and intervention strategies for both the abusive behavior and the potential consequences (how can we change their behavior and work around the deficits created by their abuse?). The view that alcoholism and other addictions are disease states is pervasive in the United States today. Though many people are ambivalent about the concept, upward of 90 percent of Americans agree that alcoholism is an illness ( Caetano, 1987). 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The Legacy Of Vincent Van Gogh - 1977 Words

A man who suffered his entire life with mental illness and a lack of love and support, Vincent van Gogh had no easy life. Yet, his works of art not only paint the walls of museums across the world, but also continue to influence the lives and visions of artists 126 years after his untimely death. Vincent van Gogh died poor while never selling more than one painting. He died while never reaching his goal of an artistic community in Arles. Nevertheless, the legacy he leaves behind as one of the greatest artists in human history is nothing shy of Leonard da Vinci or Michelangelo. However, would it be appropriate to say Vincent van Gogh had a good life? This question sums up to whether the greatness of his work and the legacy he left after death overshadow the sufferings he endured while living. A man who spent 27 years in prison for anti-government activity and only at 76 years-old was his vision realized, Nelson Mandela had no easy life. Yet, Mandela’s anti-apartheid movement in South Africa not only brought equality and peace to his people, but also made him a Noble Peace laureate and the first democratically elected President of South Africa. Throughout the world, many people see him as a hero and an icon, there are also those who take inspiration from his life and aspire to be like him. In comparison to van Gogh, Mandela appears to have lived a better life reaching his success while living and leaving an equally great, if not much more impactful, legacy after his death.Show MoreRelatedThe Color in Vincent Van Gogh’s Life: An Analysis of The Sower and The Night Cafà ©1264 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolved in art dealing, Vincent van Gogh was destined to have a place in the world of art. Van Gogh’s unique techniques and use of color, which clashed and differed greatly from the masters of the art world of his time, would eventually gain him the recognition as one of the founders of modern art. Van Gogh’s early life was heavily influenced by the role of his father who was a pastor and chose to follow in his footsteps. Although he abandoned the desire to become a pastor, van Gogh remained a spiritualRead MoreVincent Van Gogh: A Brief Biography1168 Words   |  5 PagesVincent Van Gogh lived out these words as he created masterpieces by painting how he perceived the world. Van Gogh had an eccentric personality, however, continuously suffered from unstable moods and recurrent psychotic episodes caused by Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Bipolar Disorder. Despite his suicide in the end, these illnesses correlate with his inability to form stable relationships while also enhancing his artwork. Vincent was born on March 30 in Zundert, Netherlands to Anne Cornelia CarbonatesRead More Vincent van Gogh Essay722 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Vincent van Gogh was born in Groot Zundert, The Netherlands on 30 March 1853. 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DespiteRead MoreVincent Van Gogh And His Life959 Words   |  4 PagesVincent van Gogh is one of the most prominent figures in art history. His works are recognized all across the globe for their rich colors and his extraordinary style of painting. Those who lived in the time of Van Gogh would have preferred a life-like drawing or an abstract painting not both as one piece. Van Gogh based his art off of his life which was filled with despair, childhood troubles and mental disabilities. In spite of these miseries he continued to follow his dreams in hope of one dayRead MoreSynopsis Of Starry Night By Vincent Van Gogh1068 Words   |  5 PagesIngeniously Insane It has been more than a century since Vincent van Gogh daubed his last piece of art. While his fame as an artist did not come during his lifetime, his revolutionary use of color may have possibly been the most crucial feature of his work. 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Freedom in the Modern World Free Essays

string(29) " the data from 98 countries\." Freedom in the Modern World Freedom of Choice, Religion and Rights all depends on the amount of Freedom of the Press within a country. Remor J. Gamutan Reg. We will write a custom essay sample on Freedom in the Modern World or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1868 August 3, 2011 ENG 101 B – Section 70 B Professor Hans Straub Introduction: Unlike the past, the world today is more united in diversity. Most countries in the modern world, boast unity of people from different cultures and backgrounds with the same nationality. With unity in diversity comes freedom of oppressed races and culture. Freedom is a word most of the young generations are very proud of; however, it is only a theory for some people from Third World countries and non-democratic nations. According to Sudeshna Pal who is an economist at Georgia College and State University, racial tension and other instabilities within a country, such as, crime, religious problems, ethnic clashes and many more, can be solved by giving more freedom to the press. (Bailey, 2011) The media is regarded by many, as a powerful tool to create peace within a country, given that journalists have the freedom to write what they need. Creating a free press allows a country’s citizens to not only criticize their government’s activities but also to give them more knowledge about what is happening within their nation, and what they can do to revolutionize it, to improve its situation. Criticism for governments may not be the easiest to handle, especially when it’s coming from the majority of the nation’s people. It could be viewed as futile for some countrymen; nonetheless, it is a positive way of informing the government of what the country needs through the people’s perspective, in addition to theirs. Rummel, 1989) This research highlights the importance of liberty of the press, and its positive correlation to freedom of religion, freedom of choice, rights and overall freedom within a country. This is designed to compare and contrast the prevailing problems of different nations and the amount of freedom the press have, in relation to the overall rights of the people. Furthermore, I am going to discuss the countries with the least amount of freedom and the countries with the most, in the modern world. My research also provides information about the conditions and factors that contribute to the overall liberty of each citizen within a nation. Freedom of the press: Advantages and disadvantages of Free Media Liberty in the press means that the government does not restrict much of what’s being published, especially the news that they think are politically threatening. All well-established newsmen know the importance of delivering the truth to the people especially the things that relate to politics. According to R. J. Rummel, may it be politically undermining or encouraging, the citizens of a country have the right to know the truth about the activities of their current governments. The reason why freedom of the media is the key to national stability is because the citizens possess the power to suggest or show their perspective and views towards the government and it even promotes revolution if a political party is generally viewed as corrupting the system. Rummel, 1989) This allows a nation’s leaders to work in tandem with the citizens on improving all aspects of the country, and thus eliminating corruption and weak political figures, much like the natural selection in the theory of life. Such great advantages that comes with a free press is common during the â€Å"People’s Power Revolution† in the Philippines, in 1986. As an example of how a nation can be improved through media liberation, the act of revolution by the Filipino’s that year is well do cumented and known throughout the whole world. This shows that with freedom of the press, the whole nation has access to the true intentions of their leaders and can stand united as one to overthrow him/her. (Delotavo,2006). Through lack of media censorship by the Philippine government, the people were well aware of the corruption of its political leaders. Despite the implementation of martial law, underground newspapers were distributed and a â€Å"call† by the Catholic Church for the nation to stand united against one common enemy (the president), was successful. The success of the press united all the Filipinos, which caused an uprising and resulted into the current regime (at that time), being overthrown, in the most non-violent manner. The streets of EDSA and majority of Manila (now Metro Manila), were flooded with millions of people as they sought to remove from power the current president of that time, Pres. Ferdinand Marcos. The people stood united, without any violent act. They were simply chanting words with the intention of pleading the president to step down from power. With cameras feeding live videos of the revolution all over the world, it was inevitable for Marcos to surrender without any reaction. (Delotavo, 2006). Not long after Marcos, another president; Pres. Joseph Ejercito Estrada, got taken off from power and sent to jail, through the same process, in retaliation to the alleged â€Å"plunder† that he committed, which has been published by the press. After those incidents, the next generation of political leaders in the Philippines aims to be very truthful and convincing in each of their annual State of the Nation Address (SONA), which is broadcasted live on TV. When the President states his/her plans and report the use of the government funds during the SONA, the entire nation is watching because that date is regarded as a national holiday in the Philippines. Such â€Å"revolution† is common all over the world today, and most countries have freedom of the press for the sole purpose of educating the people and keeping them knowledgeable about current political events. The sharing of non-censored information from the government to its citizens reduces the instabilities within a country. These instabilities are measured in seven ways by Sureshna Pal as â€Å"ethnic tensions, external and internal conflicts, crime and disorder, military preparation in government, and religious tensions. † (Bailey, 2011), as she analyzed the data from 98 countries. You read "Freedom in the Modern World" in category "Papers" She found out from her analysis that a rise in freedom of the press creates a decrease of all the measures of instability within a country. These are the advantages of having a liberal media. According to the, World Public opinion; a report of results from 22 nations released during the International Freedom Day in 2008, most countries prefer freedom of the press. As shown in Fig. 1, most nations, except for majority of the Muslim dominated lands which compose of Egypt, Turkey, Palestine Territories, Iran, Jordan and Indonesia, voted for the idea of press freedom. The average vote for liberty of the press between the 22 countries is 57% while only 35% believed that the government must have the power to censor the media from publishing things that could be politically threatening for the government. (World Public Opinion). Most Muslim dominated countries believe that the government has the right of censorship because of the Islamic culture. Islam has a long history of authoritarian tradition, and press restrictions are considered as a right of the government by these countries to â€Å"preserve political stability†. Such stability is not necessarily the overall stability within the country which is described by Pal to be measured in seven different ways, but stability in terms of the people in power. However, this does not mean that such countries do not desire more press freedom. Countries like Egypt, Jordan, Indonesia, and the Palestine Territories are among those Muslim countries who voted that their nations could do better with more liberty of the media as shown in the chart below. Despite these figures and known advantages of having freedom of the press, many can still argue that too much liberty of the media, especially during conflict and war, can be a great disadvantage. This is because the press could be dominantly biased on one opinion, and that simple facts and figures could be manipulated. (World Public Opinion) According to K. A Soxman’s article, TMI, Tet and the Media, most of the American people who are in the USA during the Vietnam War were easily persuaded that USA was going to lose the war, and many American soldiers have already died. The latter was in fact the truth; however, the media were convincing enough that the American citizens assumed that reports from the press were 100% accurate. This resulted in to a lack of support to the soldiers in Vietnam from the USA, and the majority of the American people sought the return of the soldiers back home. The press were biased against the war and reported that the Tet offensive was a lost battle where in fact, US soldiers have won that fight and could have, arguably, carried on to ultimately win the war. (Soxman, 1980). The same happened during the war in Iraq. Since the tragedy of 9/11, rumors have spread that USA was trying to invade and conquer Iraq for their oil, and many other reasons. Those are rumors deemed to be true for some â€Å"irresponsibly biased† media who never revealed the true intentions of the American government. Since then, such reports took its toll on the government, and they have been heavily criticized as liars and greedy by their own people. Biased reports made the US regime pay a heavy price after the war on Iraq with unlimited criticism. (Grieder, 2004). The disadvantages of freedom of the press are that it could be misleading. During war and conflict, as part of human nature, many take sides of a story and believe it to be true, even the media. With such beliefs, come strong arguments that can be very convincing if manipulated well by the educated. It can also be true in terms of political issues. A certain group of the media may be on one side while another would be on the â€Å"other side†. This also explains why most of the Muslim dominated countries shown in Fig. 1 voted against press freedom because such countries have long history of documented internal conflicts. However, with the right precautions and the right of the government to question, not necessarily censor such reports, could resolve conflicts. With groups of the media on different sides of a story, the result could be disagreement in the short run, but, it is a perfect way to debate and analyze the positives from each side and create a positive resolution in the long run. Freedom of the Press: The Countries with the Least Freedom of the press and its conditions According to the article, Countries with the Least amount of Press Freedom in the World, which used the data that was released by Reporters without Borders in October 2009, the top five nations with the least amount of liberty of the media are Eritrea, North Korea, Turkmenistan, Iran and Burma. Following the report in 2006 by the â€Å"Committee to protect Journalists (CPJ)† on the, 10 Most Censored Countries, North Korea was always among the top because of its Communism. Most of these countries are hardly democratic. In a communist country like North Korea, reports of famine, poverty and even murder by government officials are never reported. This is because â€Å"all† the domestic news-related matters are fully controlled by the government. Radio channels, television and even newspapers always publish their communist leader, Kim Jong Il’s wisdom. On a tragic incident that occurred in April 2004 near the border of China, where a munitions train exploded, the amount of people who died were not reported, instead the North Korean press reported the loyalty of the people towards their leader by saving his portraits before their beloved families. The picture shown in Fig. 3, however, shows the devastation of such incident, provided by the World Food Program, where there were 150 people recorded â€Å"dead† and thousands were injured. (â€Å"10 most censored countries,† 2006). Many of the negative occurrences within the country are never revealed to the world, leaving its citizens at the mercy of their leader. Almost all of the top ten least free countries in terms of media liberty have the exact same problem in that their leaders isolate the country from the rest of the world to gain full control of their nation and to erase all threats that could potentially overthrow them. Freedom of the Press: The Countries with the Most Freedom of the press and its conditions Shown in Fig. 4, in the 22 nations that were assessed by World Public Opinion, the country which had the most amount of freedom of the media is the UK with 71%, voting for â€Å" a lot†, and 22% voted for â€Å"some†, followed by the USA with 66% who responded with â€Å"a lot†, while 26% voted for â€Å"some†. Both countries are very democratic countries and have very few or no internal conflict between ethnic groups and racial tension. The same pattern applies for the top ten countries with the most freedom of the media, from the data collected by Reporters without Borders, in the article Countries with the Least Amount of Press Freedom in the World. The nations which belonged to the bottom of that list has the highest press freedom and least government censorship, and those countries are Sweden, Norway, Republic of Ireland, Finland, Denmark and many more which are mostly from Europe and North America. Such results prove R. J. Rummel’s argument on his article, Freedom of the Press—A Way to Global Peace, that free media promotes democracy to be and accurate claim. Overall freedom within a Country: The Measurement of Overall Freedom? Pal, according to Bailey in the article, Peace and the Press: Media Bolster Social Cohesion, has conducted an analysis of the correlation between press freedom and the â€Å"seven measures of instability† within a country. These instabilities were measured as ethnic tensions, external and internal conflicts, crime and disorder, military participation in government, and religious tensions. Such instabilities are described by Pal to only improve with the increase of liberty by the press, quoting Thomas Jefferson’s wisdom, â€Å"Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. † (Bailey, 2011). Those measures were close to the actual measurement of a country’s overall freedom once compared to the thorough report of Freedom in the World 2011: the Authoritarian Challenge to Democracy, written and compiled by Arch Puddington. Thus, the overall freedom of a country is measured based on these conditions: whether or not there is an open political competition, respect for religion and civil rights from the government, how significant the independent civic life is, independence of media, and strength of the rule of law. Given these conditions, three broad categories are derived, Free, Partly Free, and Not Free, with the conditions given in the Box (Fig. 5). A country, as stated in Fig. should possess positive values of the conditions written there, which includes freedom of religion, political right of the people, and right of speech which can be included in the category of independent media. According to Puddington’s report, there are 87 countries which represent 45% of the world’s 194 countries that are considered as â€Å"free†. That consists of 43% of the world’s population. However, there are 47 countries that were categorized as â€Å"not free†, which represents 24% of the world’s countries. In total, the population stands at 2, 434, 250,000 people or 35%, a surprising number despite the increase of democratic nations throughout the years. Overall freedom within a Country: The Countries with the least amount of overall freedom Of the 24% of the World countries (47 nations) which are categorized as â€Å"not free†, there are nine which are absolutely the worst in terms of Overall Freedom. In relation to having the least amount of Press Freedom, North Korea, Turkmenistan, Iran and Burma are again amongst these countries categorized as the worst. The people are thought to have no political rights, no freedom of choice and civil liberties which include freedom of religion and many more. This further proves the importance of a liberal media, and why it is considered by many as the most important tool within a country to keep its peace. It is well reported that lack of freedom only haunts the Authoritarian nations and cultures. Most democratic nations are categorized as â€Å"free† countries, where the press is relatively free of restriction and all the other measures of instabilities are low. Overall freedom within a Country: The Countries with the most amount of overall freedom In Puddington’s review, he did not state the countries with the highest amount of overall freedom because of its lack of importance compared to the â€Å"not free† countries, in which his report focuses on. However, in the regional patterns shown in page 9 of his report (shown as fig. 6 below), the Americas and Western Europe, which has the most democratic countries, has the most number of free nations. This is similar to the â€Å"Countries with the Most Freedom†, in page 10 of this research paper; both regions also had the most liberty of media. Analysis: Freedom in the world According to all the data collected in this research, Democratic Nations are the most â€Å"free† nations in the world in terms of all the conditions that were mentioned before. In the figures and charts taken from Puddington’s thorough review, which will be shown on the next few pages, it can be derived that Democracy is indeed â€Å"the best policy† and in relation to the data collected earlier in terms of Freedom of the press, most â€Å"free† nations, are democratic and have a high press freedom. Conclusion: Both Sudehsna Pal and R. J. Rummel are right when they claim that press freedom is the key for democracy and peace. In the Country Breakdown by status, â€Å"Not free† countries are the last in terms of the number of nations within that category. However, it has the second largest population, shown in the population breakdown. In the Regional data, it is clear that the regions found to have the most freedom of the press, have the most overall freedom. It is very surprising that the countries that are â€Å"not free†, which have few political rights and civil liberties, have 35% of the world’s total population, whereas the countries which are â€Å"free† has 43%. Nevertheless, there is a positive correlation between press freedom and overall freedom of a country. This shows the importance of a liberal press within a nation, because with no restrictions to report what is needed, the government could stay honest to its people to avoid negative criticisms. It also allows the citizens to be well educated about what is going on within their country and can act upon their own to help the government resolve internal issues. References: Countries with the least amount of Freedom in the World. (2009), http://www. blatantworld. om/feature/the_world/least_free_national_press_html. (2011, July 19) Delotavo, A. J. (2006). Ethical Considerations on Ecclesio-Political Involvement: A Philippine People Power Case. Asia Journal of Theology, 20(2), 221-229. Academic Search Premier Database. www. ebscohost. com (2011, July 17) Europe falls from its pedestal, no respite in the dictatorships. (2010). Press Freedom Index 2010, Retrieved from http://en. rsf. org/pre ss-freedom-index-2010,1034. html (2011, July 20) Fadhil Ali , M. (2011). Freedom has a price. The CBS Interactive Business Network, Retrieved from http://findarticles. om/p/news-articles/new-straits-times/mi_8016/is_20110715/freedom-price/ai_n57838829/ (2011, July 12) Freedom in the world 2011: the authoritarian challenge to democracy. (2011). Report- Freedom House, Retrieved from http://reliefweb. int/node/381505 (2011, July 14) Freedom of the media; country by country results. (2008). World Public Opinion, Retrieved from http://www. worldpublicopinion. org/pipa/pdf/apr09/WPO_PressFreedom_Apr09_countries. pdf. (2011, July 19) Greider, W. (2004, May 3). Iraq as Vietnam. Nation. p. 5. Academic Search Premier Database. www. ebscohost. com (2011, July 17) International public opinion says government should not limit internet access. (2009 ). World Public Opinion, Retrieved from http://www. worldpublicopinion. org/pipa/articles/ btjusticehuman_rightsra/477. php? lb=bthrpnt=477nid=id=an_rightsra/477. php? lb=bthrpnt=477nid=id=gclid=CLqZw6TxiqoCFUka6wod9ye7xg (2011, July 14) Ladeur, K. (2009). The myth of the neutral state and the individualization of religion: the relationship between state and religion in the face of fundamentalism. Cardozo Law Review, 30(6), 2445-2471. Academic Search Premier Database. www. ebscohost. om (2011, July 17) Neuhaus, R. , Wahid, A. , Smith, N. , Chamarik, S. , Bernas, J. , Delgado, M. (1985). RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN THE THIRD WORLD. World Affairs, 147(4), 253. Academic Search Premier Database. www. ebscohost. com (2011, July 17) Puddington, A. (2011). Freedom of the world 2011: the authoritarian challenge to democracy. Freedom House, Retrieved from http://reliefweb. int/sites/reliefweb. int/files/resources/ EFA28E3670B830004925781E000EA6EA-Full_Report. pdf (2011, July 14) Ronald Bailey â€Å"Peace and the press: media bolster social cohesion†. Reason. FindArticles. om. 18 Jul, 2011. http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_4_43/ai_n57762421/ (2011, July 14) Rummel , R. J. (1989). Freedom of the press– a way to global peace*. Retrieved from http://www. hawaii. edu/powerkills/FREEPRESS. HTM (2011, July 19) Soxman, K. A. (1980). TMI, Tet and the media. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 36(3), 64. Academic Search Premier Database. www. ebscohost. com (2011, July 17) Ten most censored countries. (2006). Committee to Protect Journalists, Retrieved from http://cpj. org/reports/2006/05/10-most-censored-countries. php (2011, July 14) How to cite Freedom in the Modern World, Papers

The Cat Never Came Out of the Hat Again Essay Example For Students

The Cat Never Came Out of the Hat Again Essay In fourth grade, my teacher Mrs. Mendleson held an annual read-off. We were allowed to read whatever kind of books we wanted, the goal was simple: read more than everyone else. In two weeks, I read over five thousand pages more than anyone else in my class. I always have excelled in reading. I was able to read eighth grade books in fourth grade. I owe my reading abilities to my role model. I was taught to read in a very unique way by my grandma Judy. She taught me in a king sized bed, after school, with the same book as every other day, The Cat in the Hat. We will write a custom essay on The Cat Never Came Out of the Hat Again specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Everyday my grandma picked me up from pre-school, fed me lunch, and then it was time for my nap. I would place myself in the center of my grandparents king size bed that felt as big as the ocean. I pulled the handmade blue quilt up to my chin and waited for my grandma to come to read to me. Every day she wore a shirt with Whinnie the Pooh on it, and she smelled of the sweet pea fragrance from Bath and Body Works. My grandma was the woman who knew everyone, and everyone loved her. She impacted the lives of hundreds. She is my role model in life and my inspiration to achieve my dreams. After retiring she had a babysitting business, where she would babysit kids while she babysat my sisters and me. She didnt just teach me to read, she taught my sisters and the other kids she watched. I loved nap time because it was the only time I had alone with my grandma, without my three sisters or any other kid she watched. She always asked what book we were going to read today, yet my answer was always the same, The Cat in the Hat. My book was so worn out that duct tape held together the binding, the corners of the books werent even blue anymore, and the cardboard on the inside of the cover was exposed. I listened with great focus everyday to the point of memorization, and my grandma didnt even have to look at the book anymore while reading. She rattled off the verses for each page without a second thought. It was music to my ears. I loved that silly cat. I loved that Sally and her brother were able to clean all of their toys up right before their mom came home. Even though it was raining outside, they had a blast. I loved the way that the fish was always saying, Stop, mother wont like this! Also he way that the words flowed, it was the best. I looked forward to reading it every day. One day, like always, I waited for my grandma to meet me in her room. I waited for her to explore to the world of Whoville, where I would meet a talking cat, and have a day of fun. But when she walked in I noticed she was forgetting something, The Cat in the Hat! I was stunned. We always read it, and I never planned on getting a new book. When I asked why she didnt bring it she said she was sick of it and its the same every time. It rains, the cat comes, they have fun, they make a mess, they clean the mess and their mother comes home. She wanted to read something new. Oh god, I thought I was having a midlife crisis and I was only five years old. What were we going to read? Nothing is the same as The Cat in the Hat. I didnt think I would be able to follow along or understand the story. I knew the words of the story; I could recite them without looking at the book. .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 , .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 .postImageUrl , .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 , .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698:hover , .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698:visited , .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698:active { border:0!important; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698:active , .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cat On A Hot Tin Roof Cutting For Maggie Monologue EssayWhat if I couldnt read with my grandma? She started to read, but I tried to neglect her. I hid my head under the covers and plugged my ears. She started reading Green Eggs and Ham. I am Sam. I am Sam. Sam I am, she started to read. I refused to read something else besides, The Cat in the Hat. But she ripped the covers right off of me and made me follow along. And on she read, Do you like green eggs and ham? Yuck, green eggs and ham! So I decided to see what person wants green eggs and ham and what he was up to with them. As I looked at the page I recognized some of the words that were also in The Cat in the Hat. She continued, Would you like them, Here or there? I remember when the Cat ask if Sally and her brother would like to play! For all the other words I started to sound them out as my grandma read out loud. I stumbled over words like, anywhere, but I took them letter by letter. I then noticed I didnt hear my grandma anymore, and I was the only one reading! I was reading a book on my own, and I didnt memorize the words. I felt accomplished. My grandma was so proud of me from then on, my grandma and I read a new book every day. In addition to reading, she taught me to be creative, imaginative and outspoken. She taught me that reading is a way to experience things I cant. Obviously Im never going to meet a singing cat, a talking fish or Thing 1 and Thing 2. But I can pretend. I feel like she is the reason why my dreams are so big, yet Im making them happen and nothing will stop me. I will become a nationally known baker, with a store front in New York. And right next to my office will be a picture of my grandma. She will be there to remind me I worked hard for this and that I did accomplish my dreams. My determination to read more than any one in Mrs. Mendlesons class wasnt fired by the fact that I would have bragging rights, and that she would bring me a blizzard from Diary Queen the next day. It was because I loved reading. My grandma taught me that reading can be fun and imaginative, even if you read the same book. I still to this day reread books that I fall in love with; not every day, but on occasions I will. I cherish things that are special to me like books and this memory of my grandma.

Group Based Presentation Essay Example

Group Based Presentation Essay Recently I have been successful in gaining a three-month work placement with Superdrug and have been placed in the marketing department.I have been given the task of doing a marketing audit together with my colleagues.We choose Superdrug because it is a very well established company. Together we tried to work as a team to do each task.First of all we did an Organisational and Environmental Audit also known as a SWOT and PESTEL analysis.Identifying the Organisational Audit or Micro-Environment Audit for SuperdrugThe micro environment includes those forces that impact on the Superdrugs ability to serve its customers. These are often referred to as internal forces as the company has direct contact with them. The company has the potential for level of control over these forces and may be able to reverse or lessen the impact of a negative trend or encourage a marketing opportunity. Superdrug should take these forces and trends into account when developing a marketing strategy.Included in the micro-environment are the following factors:1. Superdrugs own internal environmentIn developing marketing plans, Superdrug must consider the other departments within their organisation, such as top management, finance, research and development, purchasing, manufacturing and accounting. All these departments have their own objectives that must be considered and many of them will provide information relevant for the marketing plan.2. The marketing channel firmsSuppliers and intermediaries need to be examined before Superdrug develops a marketing strategy as their activities can significantly impact on the Superdrug organisation. Suppliers product availability needs to be monitored as well as their price and overall performance. Suppliers and intermediaries that appear to be becoming less `amicable over time may need to be reviewed. Intermediaries are firms that assist in the distribution process and their performance and attitude towards the product need to be monitored closely as they often have direct contact with the end customers.3. The relevant customer marketsSuperdrug must examine all five of its customer markets closely and look for changes in their particular needs and wants. These markets include:* Consumer markets individuals and households that purchase goods for their own consumption* Industrial markets organisations that purchase for use in their production process* Reseller markets organisations that buy goods and services to resell them to the end consumer* Government markets government agencies that purchase goods to transfer them to their customers who need them.* International markets overseas buyers including any of the above categories.4. CompetitorsFor Superdrug to be successful they need to satisfy consumers needs and wants better than their competitors. Therefore it is important to monitor the trends and behaviour of your competitors. Identifying customers perceptions of your competitors and their strengths and weaknesses is impo rtant.5. The organisations publicsA public is any group that has an actual or potential interest in, or impact on, Superdrugs ability to achieve its objectives. These could be financial, media, government, and citizen-action, local, general or internal publics. Increased attention from these groups may require you to make changes in your marketing strategy.Source: Kotler, Adam, Brown and Armstrong (2003). Principles of marketing, 2nd Edition, Prentice-HallIn the SWOT we mentioned then Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of Superdrug:Strengths -à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Superdrug have loyalty schemeà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Superdrug only leading specialise in body care productsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Superdrug is the best known retail name in the UKà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Superdrug is a market leadersà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Superdrug are more competitive in priceà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Superdrug operates over 700 stores in high street and shopping mall locations throughout the UK.Weaknesses-* Undifferentiated Products or services (i.e. in relation to your competitors)* High price needed* High cost structure or high expenditure* Too many brands,* Too much competitors* Low budgetOpportunities* Lower cost* Cheaper workforce* Larger market* A developing market* Takeovers Mergers, joint ventures or strategic alliances* Moving into new market segments that offer improved profits* Customer needs not fully fulfilledThreats* National laws and directives* Competition from existing/new competitors* The cost of developing R;D against other competitors* EU laws* Competitors have more access to channels of distribution* New regulationsIn the PESTEL analysis or Macro-environment which consisted of Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Environmental, Legal. Or dem ographical.The findings we found included:DemographicDemographic trends are those concerning the human population in terms of size, density, location, age, sex, race, occupation and many other statistics.These influence Superdrug through the population of teenager s i.e. 17-27 years olds Superdrug main target audience is 17-27 years olds if there are less in the population this will affect their decision in production.EconomicEconomic trends are those factors that affect consumers buying power and spending pattern.Superdrug will be influenced by the economic trend because it would want to market its product in a rich environment so they can make maximum profit.NaturalThe natural environment includes those natural resources that are included in production or that are affected by marketing activities. Trends in this environment include shortages of raw materials, increased cost of energy, increased levels of pollution and government intervention in natural resource management. As Superdrug consumers are becoming more environmentally aware, these trends are having a more significant impact on As Superdrug marketing strategies.TechnologicalThe technological environment consists of forces that affect new technology, hence creating new product oppo rtunities and market opportunities. This faster pace of technological change is also causing shorter product life cycles, higher research and development budgets, concentration on minor improvements, and increased regulation.The influence of technology will affect Superdrug in many ways.This faster pace of technological change is also causing:* shorter product life cycles within Superdrug* higher research and development budgets within Superdrug* concentration on minor improvements within Superdrug* Increased regulation within SuperdrugPolitical and legalMarketing decisions are strongly affected by laws, government agencies and pressure groups in society. Trends in the legal and political environment include, increased legislation regulating business, changing government agency enforcement, and the growth of public interest groups.Superdrug will be influenced by political and legal factors; this includes pressure from local government agencies that limit various organisations for ex ample legislation such as competition i.e. monopoly, fair trade practices, environmental protection, product safety, truth and honesty in advertising, packaging, labelling and pricing. Superdrug will be influenced to abide by these regulations otherwise they will be penalised. E.g. Microsoft was fined for monopoly.Social culturalThe cultural environment consists of forces that affect societys basic values, perceptions, preferences and behaviours. Some cultural values, such as the idea that people should have a job, persist over time Superdrug will be influenced by social and cultural trends For example, the number of people that believe in physical fitness and a healthy diet has been increasing in recent years. This will influence Superdrug to market their ideas more and increase productivity, and just maybe the price.How the information from the Audit contributes to the Marketing Planà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ A framework for identifying and analysing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and thr eats.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The force to analyse a situation and develop suitable strategies and tactics.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ A basis for assessing core capabilities and competences.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Helps to identify potential problemsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Comparisons against competitorsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Accurate segmentation of marketsThe information we found would help us in our marketing plan to identify any potential obstacles, problems and solutions.The Benefits of the above are that it will let Superdrug know what it is good at Superdrug could then specialise it what it is good at. In addition Superdrug will be aware of it weak points and will develop solutions to become stronger. Superdrug will also know its opportunities and will do everything to take advantage of this Furthermore it will develop solutions to any threatsMarketing EthicsPressure from the general public often arises to control the activities of businesses. Two such movements currently operating are consumerism and environmentalism.Consumerism a n organised movement of consumers whose aim is to improve the rights and power of buyers in relation to sellers (Kotler et al, 1994).Environmentalism an organised movement of concerned citizens and government seeking to protect and improve peoples living environment (Kotler et al, 1994).Organisations are responding to consumerism and environmentalism in order to better serve their customer needs. Many companies are focussing on the long term performance of the marketing system. This long term focus is driving the emerging popularity of five principles.Consumer-orientated marketing Superdrug are viewing their activities from the customers perspective.Innovative marketing- Superdrug is seeking real product and marketing improvements rather than unnecessary features.Value Marketing- Superdrug is putting most of their investment into value-building marketing investments rather than activities that merely raise sales in the short term.Sense-of-mission marketing- Superdrug is redefining their mission from a broad social perspective rather than a narrow product one.Social Superdrug are considering a combination of consumer needs and wants, their own requirements, and the consumers and societys long run interests before making a decision. Nowadays competitors want to design desirable products rather than useful, pleasing or deficient products.Superdrug need to develop corporate marketing ethics to ensure all their employees act in a manner which is considered moral. Not all guidelines can solve the dilemmas that Superdrug face. Under a public marketing concept Superdrug must look beyond the mere legal requirements and develop standards based on personal integrity, corporate conscience and long run consumer welfare. There are several principles that might guide the formulation of marketing ethic codes. These include the principles of consumer and producer freedom, curbing potential harm, meeting basic needs, economic efficiency, innovation, and consumer education an d information and consumer protection. These principles are based on the idea that a Superdrugs goal is not merely to make profits but also to maximise life quality.Here are some of the Marketing Ethics Boots and Superdrug haveà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Boots ethics in marketings is to build customer trustà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Superdrugs is against animal testingà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Boots want to be open and transparent, and communicate their progress to customersà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Superdrugs is minimising the production of wasteà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ No animal testing of any kind is undertaken or commissioned by Boots Group PLC or its subsidiary businessesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Responsible energy management and to cost effective energy efficiency throughout all stores and Regional Distribution Centresà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Reducing the amount of fuel used by our HGV fleetà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Minimising the environmental impact arising from the use of materials and services provided in building,shopfitting, repairing and maintaining premisesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Mi nimising the production of waste, ensuring its safe disposal and maximising recycling wherever practicableà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ensuring good environmental practices amongst our own-brand suppliers and including environmental issues in buying decisionsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Minimising the use of unnecessary packaging; maximising recovery and recycling, with totalcommitment to packaging waste regulations and meeting our obligations contained thereinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Working with suppliers of own brand pulp derived products and wood products to use material from well managed forestsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Bringing to an end all testing on animals of cosmetic and toiletries products, and their ingredientsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Being aware of the environmental issues surrounding the use of our own brand products and to taking appropriate actionà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ensuring acceptable environmental, health safety, and employment conditions in own brand product suppliers in developing nationsSource: www.boots-plc.com, www.superdrug.comHow the differences in marketing ethics affects SuperdrugThe differences in Marketing Ethics strongly affect Superdrug Marketing mixProductà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Superdrug will have to differentiate their productPriceà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Superdrug will have to use psychological pricingPlaceà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Superdrug will have to locate their business close to their target audiencePromotionà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Superdrug will have to promote their business more better than competitors

Biography of Abigail Adams, Wife of John Adams

Biography of Abigail Adams, Wife of John Adams Wife of the second President of the United States, Abigail Adams is an example of one kind of life lived by women in colonial, Revolutionary and early post-Revolutionary America. While shes perhaps best known simply as an early First Lady (before the term was used) and mother of another President, and perhaps known for the stance she took for womens rights in letters to her husband, she should also be known as a competent farm manager and financial manager. Known for: First Lady, mother of John Quincy Adams, farm manager, letter writerDates: November 22 (11 old style), 1744 - October 28, 1818; married October 25, 1764Also known as: Abigail Smith AdamsPlaces: Massachusetts, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., United StatesOrganizations/Religion: Congregational, Unitarian Early Life Born Abigail Smith, the future First Lady was the daughter of a minister, William Smith, and his wife Elizabeth Quincy.  The family had long roots in Puritan America, and were part of the Congregational church.  Her father was part of the liberal wing within the church, an Arminian, distanced from Calvinist Congregational roots in predestination and questioning the truth of the traditional  doctrine of the Trinity. Educated at home, because there were few schools for girls and because she was often ill as a child,  Abigail Adams learned quickly and read widely. She also learned to write, and quite early began writing to family and friends. Abigail met John Adams in 1759 when he visited her fathers parsonage in Weymouth, Massachusetts.  They carried out their courtship in letters as Diana and Lysander.  They married in 1764, and moved first to Braintree and later to Boston.  Abigail bore five children, and one died in early childhood. Abigails marriage to John Adams was warm and loving‚- and also intellectually lively, to judge from their letters. Journey to First Lady After almost a decade of rather quiet family life,  John became involved in the Continental Congress. In 1774, John attended the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, while Abigail remained in Massachusetts, raising the family.  During his long absences over the next 10 years, Abigail managed the family and the farm and corresponded not only with her husband but with many family members and friends, including Mercy Otis Warren and Judith Sargent Murray.  She served as the primary educator of the children, including the future sixth U.S. president, John Quincy Adams. John served in Europe as a diplomatic representative from 1778, and as a representative  of the new nation, continued in that capacity. Abigail Adams joined him in 1784, first for a year in Paris then three in London. They returned to America in 1788. John Adams served as Vice President of the United States from 1789-1797 and then as President 1797-1801. Abigail spent some of her time at home, managing the family financial affairs, and part of her time in the federal capital, in Philadelphia most of those years and, very briefly, in the new White House in Washington, D.C. (November 1800 - March 1801). Her letters show that she was a strong supporter of his Federalist positions. After John retired from public life at the end of his presidency, the couple lived quietly in Braintree, Massachusetts.  Her letters also show that she was consulted by her son, John Quincy Adams. She was proud of him, and worried about her sons Thomas and Charles and her daughters husband, who were not so successful.  She took hard her daughters death in 1813.   Death Abigail Adams died in 1818 after contracting  typhus, seven years before her son, John Quincy Adams, became the sixth president of the U.S., but long enough to see him become Secretary of State in James Monroes administration. It is mostly through her letters that we know much about the life and personality of this intelligent and perceptive woman of colonial America and the Revolutionary and post-Revolutionary period.  A collection of the letters was published in 1840 by her grandson, and more have followed. Among her positions expressed in the letters was a deep suspicion of slavery and racism, support for womens rights including married womens property rights and the right to education, and full acknowledgement by her death that she had become, religiously, a unitarian. Resources and Further Reading Akers, Charles W. Abigail Adams: An American Woman. Library of American Biography Series. 1999.Bober, Natalie S. Abigail Adams: Witness to a Revolution. 1998. Young adult book.  Cappon, Lester J. (editor). The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams. 1988.  Gelles, Edith B. Portia: The World of Abigail Adams. 1995 edition.  Levin, Phyllis Lee. Abigail Adams: A Biography. 2001.Nagel, Paul C. The Adams Women: Abigail and Louisa Adams, Their Sisters and Daughters. 1999 reprint.Nagel, Paul C. Descent from Glory: Four Generations of the John Adams Family. 1999 reprint.  Withey, Lynne. Dearest Friend: A Life of Abigail Adams. 2001.

Portrayal of Modern Women by Contemporary Women's Magazines Research Paper

Portrayal of Modern Women by Contemporary Women's Magazines - Research Paper Example Because of the many roles women play, they often seek advise from various sources. One source that they may find consistently reliable are women’s magazines because these depict articles set in the modern times, and assumed to promote modern values. At a time when information is so much easier to acquire from various media sources including television, radio and the internet, concrete reading materials are still conveniently available and preferred by many readers (Stevens, Maclaran & Catteral, 2007). It would be interesting to explore how contemporary magazines depict women and what priorities they should have in life. Although contemporary women’s magazines such as Glamour and Cosmopolitan claim to empower modern women to be more assertive and independent in achieving gender equality, the message sent out from their content (emphasis on the importance of women’s beauty and their success in relationships) seem to endorse traditional femininity ideologies, which put women in a role subservient to men in a patriarchal society. Since magazines may have a great influence on how women think, it is crucial to understand the subliminal and overt messages such media format feeds them. The research question that will be explored in this paper is: â€Å"How are women portrayed in contemporary women’s magazines and what messages are conveyed to them?† The significance of finding answers to this question will provide enlightenment on how society views women, how women view themselves and how such views guide their value formation, attitude and behaviors. Theoretical Framework This paper is guided by the Sexual Script Theory by Gagnon & Simon (1973) and the Objectification Theory by Frederickson & Roberts (1997). Scripting theory is premised on the concept that individuals have subjective understandings that determine their choices and qualitative experiences. Sexual Script Theory, specifically focus on the subjective understanding of a p erson about his or her sexuality that determine his or her sexual actions and experiences related to sex. Scripts are cognitive devices used to guide people in their behaviors. Sometimes, such behaviors are â€Å"self-fulfilling prophecies† to support the scripts upheld by the person. For example, if one’s sexual script is to be desirable in order to be liked as a person, then that individual will exert all efforts to look attractive and behave in a seductive manner. Similarly, and to more specifically illustrate the Sexual Scripting theory, the Objectification theory explains how females internalize an observer’s view to be the primary view of her physical self. This means that if a woman gets accustomed to being seen as an object of desire, she becomes socialized to treat herself as such and behaves accordingly (Frederickson & Roberts, 1997). Vulnerable to judgment of society, women vigilantly monitor themselves with the knowledge that being positively viewed by others means more opportunities. Studies have shown that how a woman’s body appears to others can determine her life experiences. Physical attractiveness seem to matter more to females than to males. Women deemed unattractive by their co workers are described more negatively and given less regard than comparatively unattractive men (Bar-Tar & Saxe, 1976; Cash, Gillen & Burns, 1977; Wallston & O’Leary, 1981). Physical attract